Physicians can use well-child visits to prepare families for kindergarten (e.g., establishing bedtime and morning routines) and to recommend preschool to families with risk factors for absenteeism. Parents should be informed about the connection between regular school attendance in early grades and academic success.

Families and schools are key collaborators in interventions via parent education, parental mental health treatment, and school-based intervention programs. When assessing a child with frequent absences, physicians should inquire about bullying, even if the patient is not known to identify with a vulnerable group. Mental health conditions that interfere with school attendance can often be treated with cognitive behavior therapy and/or pharmacotherapy. If absenteeism is caused by chronic illness, management should include clear expectations about school attendance and care coordination with school personnel. Informing parents of the link between school attendance and achievement can be effective in reducing absences. Family physicians are well positioned to identify patients with frequent absences, intervene early, and tailor treatment plans to the patient’s medical and social needs.

Chronic absenteeism appears to be driven by overlapping medical, individual, family, and social factors, including chronic illness, mental health conditions, bullying, perceived lack of safety, health problems or needs of other family members, inconsistent parenting, poor school climate, economic disadvantage, and unreliable transportation. Previous research focused on distinguishing between truancy and anxiety-driven school refusal, but current policy has shifted to reducing absenteeism for any reason. Frequent school absenteeism has immediate and long-term negative effects on academic performance, social functioning, high school and college graduation rates, adult income, health, and life expectancy.

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